Afghans who manage to make the weeks-long journey through Iran on foot to the Turkish border face a three-metre high wall, ditches or barbed wire as Turkish authorities step up efforts to block any refugee influx into the country.
The beefed up border measures in Turkey, which already hosts nearly 4 million Syrian refugees and is a staging post for many migrants trying to reach Europe, began as the Taliban started advancing in Afghanistan and took over Kabul last week.
By the end of the year, authorities plan to add another 64km to a border wall that was started in 2017. Ditches, wire and security patrols around the clock will cover the rest of the 560km frontier.
“We want to show the whole world that our borders are unpassable,” Mehmet Emin Bilmez, governor of the eastern border province of Van, told Reuters at the weekend. “Our biggest hope is that there is no migrant wave from Afghanistan.“
Turkey is not the only country putting up barriers: its neighbour Greece has just completed a 40km fence and surveillance system to keep out migrants who still manage to enter Turkey and try to reach the European Union.
Authorities say there are 182,000 registered Afghan migrants in Turkey and up to an estimated 120,000 unregistered ones. President Tayyip Erdoğan urged European countries to take responsibility for any new influx, warning that Turkey had no intention of becoming “Europe’s migrant storage unit”.
The number of irregular Afghan migrants detained in Turkey so far this year is less than a fifth of the number detained in 2019, and officials say they have not yet seen signs of a major surge since last week’s Taliban victory, though the long distances mean refugees could take weeks to arrive.
The Turkish side of the mountainous border with Iran is lined by bases and watchtowers. Patrol cars monitor around the clock for movement on the Iranian side, from where migrants, smugglers and Kurdish militants frequently try to cross into Turkey.
Migrants who are spotted getting through at the border are returned to the Iranian side, though most simply try again, according to security forces.
“No matter how many high-level measures you take, there may be those who evade them from time to time,” Bilmez said.
Roads leading from the border are lined with checkpoints. Migrants who make it through are hidden by smugglers in houses – often dirty, ramshackle buildings underground or in deep dried-up riverbeds – waiting to be moved to western Turkey.
On Saturday police captured 25 migrants, mostly Afghans, behind a dilapidated building in Van’s Hacibekir neighbourhood.
One of those detained, 20-year-old Zaynullah, said: “We thought we will have facilities here, we will earn to support our parents. There, there are Taliban to kill us.” He said he arrived in Turkey two days earlier after travelling on foot for 80 days.
Those captured are taken for health and security checks at a processing centre. Twenty-six-year-old Seyyed Fahim Mousavi said he fled his home in Kabul a month ago, before the Taliban came, fearing they would kill him because he had worked as a driver for the Americans and Turks.
His 22-year-old wife, Morsal, said they took the journey through Iran mostly on foot to escape the Taliban. “They harm women. After raping them, they kill them. They behead the men,” she said, holding her two children, aged two and five. “We don’t want to go back. Just let us stay here.”
After processing, migrants are taken to a repatriation centre, where they can spend up to 12 months before being sent back to their home country. Those repatriations have been halted for Afghans now, leaving about 7,500 Afghans in limbo in various repatriation centres.
Ramazan Secilmis, deputy head of the migration directorate, said his organisation was working to identify those who needed protection from the Taliban to relocate them to third countries.
“Those who need protection need to be separated from those who come to our country due to economic reasons. We cannot deport anyone automatically just because they have Afghan nationality,” he said.