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Major Moments of President George Bush’s Funeral

President George Bush’s coffin was carried into Washington National Cathedral during his funeral Wednesday in Washington.Credit...Doug Mills/The New York Times

The United States’ five living presidents, family, friends and dignitaries from around the country and the world filled Washington National Cathedral for a service on Wednesday to honor the 41st president, George H.W. Bush.

Here are the major moments from the day’s events. [Find full coverage of the funeral here.]

Former President George W. Bush held back tears throughout the eulogy for his father, breaking down briefly as he concluded his remarks. In a 12-minute tribute, he remembered his father as an imperfect, but beloved man who gave him wisdom as a president and a father.

“Through our tears, let us see the blessings of knowing and loving you — a great and noble man, and the best father a son or daughter could have,” he said. “And in our grief, let us smile knowing Dad is hugging Robin and holding Mom’s hand again,” Mr. Bush concluded, becoming tearful as he mentioned his late mother, Barbara, and Robin, his sister who died at the age of 3.

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Emotional Farewells: Scenes From the Bush Funeral

Former President George Bush was eulogized by his eldest son, former President George W. Bush, and the biographer Jon Meacham. Former Presidents Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton and Barack Obama also attended the funeral alongside President Trump at Washington National Cathedral.

[music] “Last Friday, when I was told he had minutes to live, I called him. The guy who answered the phone said, ‘I think he can hear you, but he hasn’t said anything for most of the day.’ I said, ‘Dad, I love you and you’ve been a wonderful father.’ And the last words he would ever say on earth were, ‘I love you, too.’ And we’re going to miss you. Your decency, sincerity and kind soul will stay with us forever. So through our tears, let us know the blessings of knowing and loving you, a great and noble man. The best father a son or daughter could have. And in our grief, let us smile knowing that Dad is hugging Robin and holding Mom’s hand again.” “The George Herbert Walker Bush who survived that fiery fall into the waters of the Pacific, three-quarters of a century ago, made our lives and the lives of nations, freer, better, warmer and nobler. That was his mission. That was his heartbeat.” “I believe it will be said that no occupant of the Oval Office was more courageous, more principled and more honorable than George Herbert Walker Bush. President Bush was also responsible for the North American Free Trade Agreement — recently modernized and improved by new administrations — which created the largest and richest free-trade area in the history of the world.” “The most decent and honorable person I ever met was my friend George Bush — one of nature’s noble men. His epitaph, perhaps just a single letter: the letter L for loyalty. It coursed through his blood. Loyalty to his country, loyalty to his family, loyalty to his friends, loyal to the institutions of government and always, always, always a friend to his friends.” “Now may the God of peace, who brought again from the dead our Lord Jesus Christ, the great shepherd of the sheep, through the blood of the everlasting covenant, make you perfect to do his will. Working in you, that which is well pleasing in his sight, the blessing of God Almighty the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, be on you and remain with you in this world in which we live, this day and forevermore. Amen.”

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Former President George Bush was eulogized by his eldest son, former President George W. Bush, and the biographer Jon Meacham. Former Presidents Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton and Barack Obama also attended the funeral alongside President Trump at Washington National Cathedral.CreditCredit...Tom Brenner for The New York Times

The 41st president had a significant political legacybeyond the presidency, including serving as C.I.A. director and ambassador to China. But speakers also focused on the elder Mr. Bush’s sense of humor and quirks as they remembered him.

Jon Meacham, Mr. Bush’s biographer, recalled how he accidentally shook the hand of a store mannequin while on the campaign trail in New Hampshire.

Former Senator Alan Simpson of Wyoming recalled how Mr. Bush, despite his love for jokes, constantly forgot the punch lines and told stories of how the pair sang songs from the musical “Evita” and joked about the origins of an ornate vase.

And the younger Mr. Bush made the crowd laugh as he recalled his father’s imperfections, including his poor dancing and his aversion to vegetables, particularly broccoli. (He also recalled how James Baker, an old friend and the elder Mr. Bush’s chief of staff, smuggled him a bottle of Grey Goose vodka and a steak from Morton’s.)

Only a handful of other occasions have seen all living presidents and their spouses gather in the same place, and Mr. Bush’s funeral became the latest instance where these former occupants of the White House came together.

Such a reunion made for some inevitable awkward moments. When President Trump and Melania Trump arrived, conversation in the presidential pew at the funeral appeared to cease. The Obamas offered handshakes and tight-lipped smiles, while f Hillary Clinton, the former first lady, stared ahead and did not make eye contact with the man who defeated her in the 2016 presidential election.

But there was an endearing moment: When former President George W. Bush arrived and greeted all of the presidential dignitaries, he appeared to slip Michelle Obama, the former first lady, a cough drop — the same way he did during Senator John McCain’s funeral in September.

Current and Former Presidents and Vice Presidents Attended the Funeral

Ivanka

Trump

Chelsea

Clinton

Al Gore

Jill

Biden

Joe

Biden

Lynne

Cheney

Rosalynn

Carter

Jimmy

Carter

Dick

Cheney

Hillary

Clinton

Bill

Clinton

Marilyn

Quayle

Michelle

Obama

Dan

Quayle

Barack

Obama

Karen

Pence

Melania

Trump

Mike

Pence

Donald J.

Trump

Ivanka

Trump

Al Gore

Chelsea

Clinton

Jill

Biden

Joe

Biden

Lynne

Cheney

Rosalynn

Carter

Jimmy

Carter

Dick

Cheney

Hillary

Clinton

Bill

Clinton

Marilyn

Quayle

Michelle

Obama

Dan

Quayle

Barack

Obama

Karen

Pence

Mike

Pence

Melania

Trump

Donald J.

Trump

19

17

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16

15

14

8

13

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12

5

11

4

3

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2

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1

1. Donald J. Trump

11. Dan Quayle

2. Melania Trump

12. Marilyn Quayle

3. Barack Obama

13. Dick Cheney

4. Michelle Obama

14. Lynne Cheney

5. Bill Clinton

15. Joe Biden

6. Hillary Clinton

16. Jill Biden

7. Jimmy Carter

17. Al Gore

8. Rosalynn Carter

18. Chelsea Clinton

9. Mike Pence

19. Ivanka Trump

10. Karen Pence

President George W. Bush sat with his family out of frame.

Photo by Doug Mills/The New York Times

Mr. Bush, who his son described as having been “born with just two settings: full throttle, then sleep,” eschewed some of the pomp and circumstance his predecessors had planned for in their own funerals. But, having followed the tradition of planning his funeral while still in office, there had been decades of preparations and practice to execute his wishes.

An honor guard, changing frequently throughout the day, stood over his coffin in the Capitol for over two nights. And there was a precise amount of “Ruffles and Flourishes,” the fanfare that precedes “Hail to the Chief” (16), 21-gun salutes (three) and tolls from the funeral bell as his coffin arrived at Washington National Cathedral (41).

The hearse and motorcade passed the White House on the section of Pennsylvania Avenue that is typically closed to cars.

Read on for more details from our live updates from the day.

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The younger former President Bush evoked laughter and tears — his own and that of mourners listening to him in the National Cathedral — with a 12-minute tribute to his father that seemed to emphasize the gaping differences between the elder President Bush and Mr. Trump, without ever naming the current Oval Office occupant.

Mr. Bush described his father as a genuinely optimistic and selfless man who “valued character over pedigree,” looked for the good in everyone, and shared credit in victory while shouldering blame in defeat.

“To us, his was the brightest of 1,000 points of light,” Mr. Bush said, invoking a phrase that the elder Mr. Bush used, which Mr. Trump had ridiculed.

He recalled the 41st president’s many active hobbies — fishing, driving his speedboat, playing “speed golf,” an accelerated version of the game to which Mr. Trump devotes many hours — and said he had been “born with just two settings: full throttle, then sleep.” And Mr. Bush noted with a laugh some of his father’s imperfections, including his poor dancing skills and hatred of vegetables, particularly broccoli.

“He showed me what it means to be a president who serves with integrity, leads with courage and acts with love in his heart for the citizens of our country,” Mr. Bush added, concluding his eulogy on a personal note.

“Through our tears, let us know the blessings of knowing and loving you — a great and noble man, the best father a son or daughter can have — and in our grief, let us smile knowing that Dad is hugging Robin and holding Mom’s hand again,” Mr. Bush said, becoming tearful as he referred to the late Barbara Bush and their daughter, who died at the age of 3.

The cathedral erupted in applause as Mr. Bush strode back to his seat. He shared a laugh with his brother Jeb, apparently chuckling at his inability to hold off tears as he finished his tribute to his father.

Former Senator Alan Simpson of Wyoming began his remarks by recalling how Mr. Bush insisted that he keep his eulogy brief.

“Relax, George told me I only had 10 minutes,” he said. “He was very direct about it, it wasn’t even funny.”

The crowd of politicians and dignitaries laughed throughout his speech, as Mr. Simpson regaled the audience with stories of their long friendship: a weekend at Camp David, their joking analysis of a vase at the Kennedy Center and their renditions of “Don’t Cry

For Me, Argentina” from Andrew Lloyd Webber’s musical “Evita.”

[Read The New York Times obituary for Mr. Bush.]

And even as he laughed about Mr. Bush’s inability to remember the punch lines to the jokes he loved, Mr. Simpson gave his so-called punch line to the 41st president’s life.

“You would have wanted him on your side,” he said. “He never lost his sense of humor. Humor is the universal solvent against the abrasive elements of life.”

The younger President Bush rocked forward in his seat as he laughed over Mr. Simpson’s recollection of his father’s famous “read my lips, no new taxes” campaign promise.

“None of us were ready for this day,” Mr. Simpson said. “It would have been so much easier to celebrate his life with him here, but he is gone, irrevocably gone.”

“Now we have loosed our grip upon him,” he added, “but we shall always retain his memory in our hearts.”

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Jon Meacham spoke during the funeral service.Credit...Evan Vucci/Associated Press

Jon Meacham, a Pulitzer-Prize winning author and Mr. Bush’s biographer, delivered the first eulogy for the 41st president, calling him “America’s last great soldier-statesman.”

He recounted the day Mr. Bush’s plane was shot down in the Pacific during World War II and some of the more amusing moments of Mr. Bush’s political career, including comedian Dana Carvey’s impression of him on “Saturday Night Live” and the time he accidentally shook the hand of a store mannequin while greeting voters on the campaign trail.

As he described the elder Bush’s personality — “his tongue may have run amok at moments, but his heart was steadfast” — his children, including George W. Bush and Jeb Bush, smiled.

Mr. Meacham also alluded to Mr. Bush’s bipartisan efforts and foreign policy work, including the fact that under his administration, “a wall fell in Berlin, a dictator’s aggression did not stand.”

“The rest of his life was a perennial effort to prove himself worthy of his salvation,” Mr. Meacham concluded. “A lion who not only led us, but who loved us. That’s why he was spared.”

In the funeral itself and news coverage of Mr. Bush’s death, many references have been made to Mr. Bush surviving his plane being shot down during World War II. Senator Susan Collins, the Maine Republican and a close friend of Mr. Bush, said he once told her that he thought every day of the two airmen who did not escape the crash and perished.

After he was done speaking, NBC News reported that Mr. Meacham had shared his eulogy with Mr. Bush before he died.

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President Trump shook hands with former President Barack Obama and Michelle Obama. This was the first time Mr. Trump has been with the former presidents since his inauguration.CreditCredit...Doug Mills/The New York Times

President Trump and Melania Trump arrived at the cathedral to an awkward moment. The two were led to their seats next to the other former presidents in the front row. By protocol, they sat next to Barack and Michelle Obama. Mr. Trump reached over to first shake Mr. Obama’s hand and then Mrs. Obama’s. None of them looked happy about it.

This was the first time Mr. Trump has been with the former presidents since his inauguration nearly two years ago. In the interim, he has harshly attacked each of them except Jimmy Carter, who has offered accommodating words about the incumbent president and agreed that he was being treated unfairly by the news media.

As they slid into the presidential pew, the Trumps received a cold greeting. After the handshakes with the Obamas, former president Bill Clinton briefly glanced Mr. Trump’s way.

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George H.W. Bush: A Life of Public Service

Mr. Bush, part of a new generation of Republicans, was often referred to as the most successful one-term president.

“I will keep America moving forward, always forward, for a better America, for an endless enduring dream and a thousand points of light. This is my mission and I will complete it.” [applause] This phrase, “a thousand points of light,” spoke to who George Herbert Walker Bush really was. His life was devoted to public service, to public duty. Bush was a navy pilot during World War II, a member of Congress, the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, the first American envoy to the People’s Republic of China, the director of the C.I.A. and, for eight years, vice president of the United States. “One tiny sweet potato and a little bit of corn. Good to see you, fellas.” It’s often said that George Bush was probably the most successful one-term president we’ve had in American history, certainly in modern times. He led the United States through the first truly successful military engagement since Vietnam, presided over the fall of the Berlin Wall. “And some believe that the weight of history condemned our two great countries.” And eventually the collapse of the Soviet Union. Here was George Bush — had just won the Gulf War, just won the Cold War — and we threw him out of power. George Bush came from a political family. His father, Prescott Bush, had served in the United States Senate. He went to school at Andover and Yale. The idea that he was too genteel, you know, New England restrained, kind of dogged him. Baseball actually kind of helped define his life. He believed in being a good sport, playing with honor and competing. George Bush was one of the fiercest competitors you’ll ever meet. But he interrupted his education in order to go volunteer for service in World War II. He was the youngest Navy pilot. “Carrier pilots could scarcely wait for this chance to close with the Japanese fleet.” Fighting in the Pacific, he was shot down, rescued by a submarine. After returning from the war, Bush married his teenage sweetheart, Barbara Pierce, and the two of them set off for a new life together in Texas. He created his own oil company, made some money for himself and started a family. He was on the road a lot. He came home as often as he could. And he’s somebody who cherished family. He was a friend builder. He would just sort of show up at dinner time with somebody he had met that day, and Barbara would have to sort of, like, add three seats to the table. And that was the essence of Bush’s politics. It was all about making friends, bringing people together, trying to reconcile different political viewpoints. “I know you and I share a lot of worries about the future of our state and nation.” In those days, most Texans were still Democrats, conservative Democrats, but Democrats. “I hope to have support from all segments of society. And I’m sure campaigning hard in all areas.” George Bush was part of a new generation of Republicans who were trying to convert it. Bush ran for president in 1980, and while he won the Iowa caucuses, he ended up falling to Ronald Reagan. In the end, though, he did well enough that Reagan put him on the ticket as his vice presidential running mate. “… which I am about to enter.” “So help you God?” “So help me God.” “God bless you, George.” In 1988, he ran for president against Michael Dukakis in what was, for then, seen as a particularly tough and sometimes nasty race. “He allowed first-degree murderers to have a weekend passes.” Democrats thought that the campaign relied on race-baiting. But in the end, Bush prevailed over Dukakis to become the first sitting vice president elected to the White House since Martin Van Buren. “America is never wholly herself unless she is engaged in high moral principle.” George Bush believed in this kinder, gentler vision of America, and he wanted to work across the aisle. “Let me just welcome the members of Congress who’ve done so much.” It didn’t always happen. But he made common cause with Democrats on a variety of issues, whether it be the environment, civil rights or foreign policy. Bush was sort of viewed as kind of a kindly, mild-mannered uncle, in a way, mocked by some of the comics like Dana Carvey, who impersonated him on “Saturday Night Live.” “Got out there on that water, got in that relaxation mode, recharge the batteries.” And yet — “Astonishing news from East Germany, where the East German authorities have said, in essence, that the Berlin Wall doesn’t mean anything anymore.” “Today was the beginning of the end of what they called the Wall of Shame.” — he had a backbone of steel. “There’s a new development in this rapidly changing part of the world that we can salute.” He was criticized for not celebrating more when the Berlin Wall fell. But for Bush, that wouldn’t have been prudent. “You don’t seem elated, and I’m wondering if you’re thinking —” “I’m elated. I’m just not an emotional kind of guy.” He didn’t want to rub Mikhail Gorbachev’s nose in it. He wanted to make sure that it was not a moment that could provoke a backlash by hard-liners in the Soviet Union. His foreign policy experience proved to be exactly what was needed at a critical moment in world history. “Just two hours ago, allied air forces began an attack on military targets in Iraq and Kuwait.” The Gulf War was the defining moment of his presidency. All of those years spent making friends proved to be the skill he needed to assemble an international coalition of dozens of countries to repel Iraq from Kuwait. The idea that you could let a problem fester in the world, a dictator like Saddam Hussein, went against the grain for him. And that was founded in his days in World War II. The war proved to be a giant boost for Bush politically. Poll numbers went up to nearly 90 percent, the highest that it ever been to that point for any president. And yet — “There’s more bad re-election news for President Bush.” — he would go on to lose re-election just a year or so later, when the economy took a downward turn. “But how does it affected you? And if you have no experience in it, how can you help us if you don’t know what we’re feeling?” Many Americans thought he cared more about what was happening overseas than in their own communities. Devastated as he was by the defeat — “I just called Governor Clinton over in Little Rock and offered my congratulations.” — he invited Dana Carvey to come to the White House and do an impersonation of Bush to the staff to kind of cheer them up. “The way to do the president is to start out with Mr. Rogers. Then you add a little John Wayne. Here we go. Let’s go over the ridge. You put them together, you got George Herbert Walker Bush.” That’s a real sign of who George Bush was. He had a sense of humor. He was a strong leader who steered the country through difficult times and came out leaving it in much better shape than he found it. In his time, of course, Democrats were really upset at him. They thought he was unfair to Michael Dukakis. He was seen as a tool, by some, of the oil industry. But over time these criticisms tended to fade. People in both parties had come to see him as a model of what a public servant should be. He really was a picture of grace. I traveled once to Houston with President Obama when he was in office. And there on the tarmac, waiting for him, was George H.W. Bush in a wheelchair. I went up to President Bush, I said, “Well, sir, why are you here?” He says, “Well, the president of the United States has come to my city, and I just want to say hello.”

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Mr. Bush, part of a new generation of Republicans, was often referred to as the most successful one-term president.CreditCredit...George Tames/The New York Times

Mrs. Clinton stared straight ahead.

Former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney of Canada, a dear friend of Mr. Bush’s, recalled during his eulogy that it was the 41st president who had been responsible for beginning to negotiate Nafta, the trilateral trade agreement with Mexico and Canada that Mr. Trump has harshly denounced and from which he recently threatened to withdraw.

Mr. Mulroney, standing just steps away from Mr. Trump as he spoke, described the agreement as “recently modernized and improved” by subsequent administrations, a glancing reference to the current president’s newly negotiated and renamed United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement.

Mr. Mulroney reflected on the historical significance of Mr. Bush’s presidency, recalling his role in reunifying Germany and his leadership during the first gulf war. But the most poignant moments of his speech were his descriptions of personal moments with Mr. Bush.

“Brian, I just learned the fundamental principle of international affairs,” Mr. Mulroney recalled Mr. Bush saying to him during a coffee break at his first NATO summit meeting in Brussels. “The smaller the country, the longer the speech.”

Mr. Mulroney recounted a visit he made to Mr. Bush at his compound in Kennebunkport, Me., on Labor Day weekend 2001, in which the former president seemed content and at peace, with the presidential library set, his eldest son having recently been elected president and his younger son Jeb serving as governor of Florida. His friend told him how his mood had shifted over the years from frustration to tranquillity.

“You know Brian, you’ve got us pegged just right,” Mr. Mulroney said Mr. Bush had told him. Then he walked Mr. Mulroney down to a spot overlooking the ocean at Walker’s Point and showed him a plaque that bore the inscription “CAVU,” which as a young pilot he knew as the acronym for “ceiling and visibility unlimited.”

“Those were the words we hoped to hear before takeoff — it meant perfect flying — and that’s the way I feel about our life today,” Mr. Mulroney said Mr. Bush had told him. “CAVU: Everything is perfect. Barb and I could not have asked for better lives. We are truly happy, and truly at peace.”

The main eulogy was delivered by his eldest son, former President George W. Bush. Other tributes were made by his friends, former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney of Canada and former Senator Alan Simpson of Wyoming, and by his biographer, the historian Jon Meacham.

Three of his granddaughters, Lauren Bush Lauren, Ashley Walker Bush and Jenna Bush Hager, gave readings. His hometown minister, the Rev. Dr. Russell Levenson Jr., of St. Martin’s Episcopal Church in Houston, delivered a homily. And Ronan Tynan, the Irish soloist who sang to Mr. Bush on the last day of his life, performed along with a variety of military musical groups.

The officiating clergy include the Most Rev. Michael Bruce Curry, the presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church; the Right Rev. Mariann Edgar Budde, bishop of the Washington diocese; and the Very Rev. Randolph Marshall Hollerith, the dean of Washington National Cathedral. The minister of ceremonies is the Rev. Canon Rosemarie Logan Duncan of the cathedral and the intercessor is the Rev. Canon Jan Naylor Cope, the provost of the cathedral.

The cathedral’s bourdon bell tolled 41 times. After the service, the coffin will be taken to Joint Base Andrews outside Washington for the flight back to Houston.

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A military honor guard carried Mr. Bush’s coffin down the steps of the Capitol.Credit...Sarah Silbiger/The New York Times

The pomp, pageantry and military precision with which Mr. Bush’s funeral unfolded on Wednesday was a product of decades of planning and practice by military officials and the late president himself. American presidents begin the somewhat macabre exercise of designing their own funerals almost from the moment they are sworn in, the better to put their own personal stamps on an event that amounts to their final official act and message to the nation.

Coordinated by the Army’s Military District of Washington, which oversees the division’s official ceremonial units, Mr. Bush’s funeral is unfolding according to a lengthy and detailed script, a publicly distributed overview of which stretches for more than 20 pages. The plan lays out which anthems and hymns are to be played and when — right down to the number of “Ruffles and Flourishes,” the fanfare that precedes “Hail to the Chief” (16 of them were scheduled for Wednesday) — how many 21-gun salutes are to ring out (three), and how many times the funeral bell should sound when his coffin reached the National Cathedral (41, naturally).

White marks on the Capitol steps showed members of the military honor guard exactly where to stand, and family members were shown their precise places to line up to honor Mr. Bush as he departed the Capitol and arrived at the National Cathedral.

For all the traditions and customs that infused the day, Mr. Bush did what he could to keep his funeral moving along at an efficient clip, according to his longtime spokesman Jim McGrath. He eschewed a military procession including a horse-drawn caisson pulling his coffin and a riderless horse — flourishes that Ronald Reagan included in his funeral in 2004 — in favor of a hearse and motorcade.

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The president’s coffin being carried into the cathedral.Credit...Erin Schaff for The New York Times

The Bush family entered the cathedral led by former President George W. Bush with Laura Bush holding his arm. They were followed by his siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin and Doro and their spouses.

George W. Bush made a point of greeting Mr. Trump and the first lady and then all of the former presidents and their wives. Mr. Bush got a smile from Michelle Obama, with whom he has forged an unlikely friendship in recent years. She fondly called him her “partner in crime” because they are usually seated next to each other at events like this.

Mr. Bush also appeared to hand Ms. Obama something as they shook hands, evoking the viral moment from the funeral of Senator John McCain when Mr. Bush handed a cough drop to Ms. Obama in the middle of the proceedings.

The Bush family gathered in front of the Capitol on Wednesday morning under gray skies, hands over their hearts, to watch Mr. Bush’s coffin leave the building. Four of the president’s five living children, former President George W. Bush, former Governor Jeb Bush of Florida, Doro Bush Koch and Neil Bush, along with their spouses, formed a row in the Capitol driveway for the elaborate departure ceremony, with more relatives, including former first daughters Barbara and Jenna Bush, the younger Mr. Bush’s daughters, looking on from farther away.

A military band played the official presidential anthem as an honor guard held Mr. Bush’s coffin at the top of the Capitol steps, and a 21-gun salute rang out from cannons assembled at the base of Capitol Hill. Then the honor guard slowly carried the coffin down to a waiting hearse while mournful hymns played. The Capitol grounds fell silent as the hearse drove away, bound for the National Cathedral and Mr. Bush’s official state funeral in northwestern Washington.

The younger Mr. Bush waved from the motorcade at onlookers lining Constitution Avenue to catch a glimpse of the 41st president’s funeral procession.

Reporting was contributed by Peter Baker, Emily Baumgaertner, Emily Cochrane, Julie Davis, Catie Edmondson, Carl Hulse, Katie Rogers and Sheryl Gay Stolberg.

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